As the Dutch found preeminence in sea power during the 17th century, the initial yacht had been a leisure craft used initially by royalty and later by the burghers in the canals and the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Yacht racing was incidental, arising as private games. English yachting started with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his return to the English royalty in 1660, the city of Amsterdam sent him a 20-metre (66-foot) pleasure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he named Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, reigned 1685–88), made more yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and back, on a £100 wager. Yachting was found to be fashionable for the affluent and royalty, but after that time the habit did not last.
The first yacht association in the British Isles, the Water Club, was instigated at about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard association, with great naval panoply and formality. The closest thing to a race was the “chase,” when the “fleet” pursued an imaginary enemy. The club went on, for the large part as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, after merging with other groups, it was known as the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).
Yacht racing was first seen in some organized fashion on the Thames in the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland founded the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV came to the throne in 1820, it was called the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded following a racing argument, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht group had been initiated at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal funding made the Solent - the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight - the continued site of British yacht racing. The society at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, also at the rise of George IV. All members were required to own boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing matches for great bids were held, and the society life was wonderful. Eventually Royal Yachting Club boats increased in size to more than 350 tons.
In North America, yachting started with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and went on when the English had dominance. Sailing was largely for leisure and reached its high point in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which cruised on the Mediterranean Sea and established a standard of luxury and elegance for the later yachts in the area from the late 19th century. The first enduring American yacht society, the Detroit Boat Club, was formed in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens founded the New York Yacht Club aboard his schooner Gimcrack.
Kinds of sailboats
Early sailing yachts followed the lines of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century until the later half of the 19th century. The craft of bigger yachts was initially largely affected by the success of America, which was designed by George Steers for a group led by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) was named after its win at Cowes in 1851. Earlier yachts were not designed and built in the modern sense, with merely a model being used. Not until the second half of the 19th century did what was known as naval architecture come about. Not until the 1920s did the use of the research of aerodynamics do for the design of sails and rigging what science had done earlier for hulls.
Because most of all sailboats had to be individually custom-built, there came a requirement for handicapping boats previous to the one-design class boats were made. Thus, a rating rule came into being, which ended up in the International Rule, taken on in 1906 and edited in 1919. Today, one of the rapidly blossoming areas in the sailing industry is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are created to the same specifications in length, beam, sail area, and other aspects (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing for those boats can be had on an even par with no handicapping necessary. A perfect example is the uniform International America’s Cup Class taken on for racers in the 1992 America’s Cup race.
As long as yachting was an activity largely for the aristocracy and the affluent, money was no object, and the size of boats developed, in both length and weight. The promotion and popularity of smaller craft happened in the latter half of the 19th century from the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A trip around the world (1895–98) captained single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray demonstrated the hardiness of smaller craft. Thereafter in the 20th century, particularly after World War II, smaller racing and leisure boats became commonplace, down to the dinghy, a preferred training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, craft of less than 3 m were setting sail single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Kinds of power yachts
Post the decade 1840–50, during which steam started to replace sail power in market boats, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were favoured increasingly in pleasure craft. Large power yachts were progressed to a high element, and long-distance travel was a favourite occupation of the rich. The first power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; those then made way to yachts powered by the completely submerged screw or propeller sort of propulsion. As well as naval and merchant yachts, auxiliaries possessing both sail and power were the yacht fashion for a number of years. By the latter half of the 20th century, several yachts were still auxiliaries, but the majority were only power yachts that had gasoline or diesel engines.
From the last decade of the 19th century there was a boom in the design of more sizeable steam yachts. In particular of these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, that had triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was manned by a crew of more than 150. The Mayflower, purchased by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and saw active service during World War II.
As more sizeable and more dependable internal-combustion engines were developed, many large yachts began using them for power. The establishment of the diesel engine, employing heavy oil for fuel, was furthered in World War I. From the decade following, bigger power-yacht creation flourished, reaching a climax in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. From that time the biggest auxiliary yacht constructed was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.
The construction of larger power yachts lessened after 1932, and the fashion thereafter was toward smaller, less expensive yachts. From World War II, many small naval boats were traded by private owners for conversion to yachts. In the late 20th century, yachting had become a internationally loved competition enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen individually owning and keeping their own small leisure craft. The popularity of boats and sailors increased steadily, not only in the traditional locations by the seacoasts but also on inland waterways and lakes.
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