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A ceiling is the overhead surface or surfaces above a room, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are mostly used to cover floor and roof construction. They have been special places for decoration from the earliest periods: either by painting the flat surface, by featuring the structural members of roof or floor, or by dedicating it as a field for an overall pattern of relief.

Little is understood of ancient Greek ceilings, but Roman ceilings were designed richly with relief and painting, as is found at the vault soffits of Pompeian baths. In the Gothic period, the common trend to utilize structural elements decoratively then gave rise to the instigation of the beamed ceiling, in which huge cross-girders support smaller floor beams at right angles to them, beams and girders being richly chamfered and molded and commonly painted in decorative colours.

In the Renaissance, ceiling design was evolved to its highest pitch of individuality and variety. Three forms were furthered. The first was the coffered ceiling, in the intricate design of which the Italian Renaissance architects far emulated their Roman prototypes. Circular, square, octagonal, and L-shaped coffers were produced, with their edges delicately carved and the field of each coffer decorated with a rosette. The second kind consisted of ceilings entirely or in parts vaulted, often with arched intersections, with painted bands foregrounding the architectural design and with pictures covering the rest of the space. The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a prime example of this. In the Baroque period, wondrous figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also used to decorate ceilings of this kind. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many French ceilings in the Louis XIV style showcase this. In the third kind, which was markedly coined of Venice, the ceiling became a huge framed image, like in the Doges’ Palace.

In modern architecture ceilings are sometimes split into two major forms — the suspended (or hung) ceiling and the exposed ceiling. With ceilings hung at some distance below the structural members, some architects have worked to conceal super amounts of mechanical and electrical equipment, such as electrical conduits, air-conditioning ducts, water pipes, sewage lines, and lighting fixtures. Most suspended ceilings utilize a lightweight metal grid suspended from the structure by wires or rods to hold up plasterboard sheets or acoustical tiles.

Other architects, emphasizing the aesthetic of the exposed structural system, take enjoyment in showing the mechanical and electrical equipment. Because of this design, many structural systems have been developed that have a deliberate power in themselves and become admirable ceilings.

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